Jews and Jewish Freemasons – A great resource for Italy

There are only a handful of countries in the world that like Italy has had an almost uninterrupted presence of  Jews on its soil. The Jewish community and its synagogue in Rome are even older than the Vatican and the Catholic Churches.  In the year 70ac, the Jews in Rome were 40,000 out of a population of  800,000. There are also very ancient communities both in Syracuse (Sicily) and Venosa, near Potenza (Basilicata).

In the XII century Benjamin de Tudela, a rabbi from  Navarra in Castile ( Spain) went on a journey to  Europe, Asia and Africa to catalogue the presence of the Jewish communities and to provide an accurate description of their daily life. On his travels, he even stopped to visit the Jews of Lucca and Pisa. His work  “Travels of Benjamin”, written in Hebrew, however,  took four centuries before being published.350px-Benjamin_of_Tudela_route

After the Jews were expelled from Spain in the year 1492 [1] the same fate was met by those in South of  Italy (Sicily included) which at the time was a Spanish ruled territory.  The majority of the 120,000 Italian-Jews settled in Rome and its neighbouring territories.  Pitigliano near Grosseto, for example, became known as the “Little Jerusalem”.

To begin with, allow me to commemorate the extraordinary figure of  Shabbatai Donnolo.Donnolo's_bas_relief

In the tenth century, the Muslims raids in the Mediterranean area intensified and the Saracens even attacked the southern Italian Region of Apulia, on the Adriatic coast.  On July 925, they stormed the little town of Oria[2]  and killed six thousand people, many of whom were Jews. They then set Oria on fire and left with twelve thousand prisoners whom they reduced to slavery. Amongst the survivors was a 12 years old boy called Shabattai Donnolo, who later in life became one of the most illustrious astronomers, doctors and pharmacologists of Medieval Europe. In his memoirs he thus recalls his experience: “I was set released in the town of Taranto thanks to my parents paying for my freedom (…) and I dedicate my time to many novelties. (…) My eyes had seen all (the destruction) that the hands of man can cause”. Continue reading Jews and Jewish Freemasons – A great resource for Italy

Historia del Rito Escocés Antiguo y Aceptado – Tetraktys

Las verdaderas raices del Rito Escocés de la Francmasoneria se pierden en la noche de las épocas antiguas. Nuestras enseñanzas preceden a nuestra organización actual en miles de años. Los grados del Rito Escocés nos dan un sentido de valores y de normas históricas. Hoy es el niño de ayer. Nadie puede entender el significado de los acontecimientos que en cada época sacuden al mundo, a menos que se los vea desde la posición ventajosa de la historia. De las crisis del pasado, el hombre ha descubierto los principios que son tan sólidos como las montañas y tan perdurables como las estrellas.

El Rito Escocés esta formado por una acumulación de lecciones y de experienciasmasónicas. Artefactos del Rito Escocés están dispersos a través de la historia de muchas razas, culturas, y sociedades. Los signos, símbolos, inscripciones, conceptos, y enseñanzas pueden ser encontrados en los estudios de la mayor parte del mundo antiguo. Están inscritos en las tumbas y los templos de la India, las ruinas de Nubia, y en el valle egipcio del Nilo hasta su mismo delta. También se encuentran en Caldea, Assyria, Persia, Grecia, Roma y incluso en México antiguo y Yucatán.

El origen del Rito puede ser rastreado a Francia a principios del Siglo XVIII, aunque algunos de sus rituales pueden tener un legado que data de los años 1600. Hay antiguas alusiones a la masonería «Escocesa››, es decir, grados con un titulo «Escocés››, que datan de 1741. El uso de la palabra «Escocés›› ha conducido a muchos a creer que el Rito se originó en Escocia y que Escocia sigue siendo la fuente originaria de su actividad. Este no es el caso.

La Masonería, habiendo sido fundada en Inglaterra como una fraternidad simbólica, fue introducida en Francia por aquellos Escoceses que huían de la intranquilidad de esa época en las Islas Británicas. En Francia existía un medio ambiente muy fértil para la difusión de la Masonería y por la naturaleza misma del instinto de Francia por las cortes de realeza y los honores, desarrolló Grados «más altos» para honrar a los Masones que entraron en su medio.

La historia demuestra que un Cuarto grado fue creado llamado “Chevalier Macon Ecossais” o Caballero Escocés. Se cree que de ahí viene el término «Rito Escocés». Como se popularizó la creación de grados, cada uno con su propio propósito y moralidad, afloraron los esfuerzos para organizar a éstos dentro de un sistema de grados. Un sistema así se conoció como el “Rito de Perfección” y tenía veinticinco grados y estaba situado en Burdeos. Pero el origen más probable del Rito Escocés como ahora se lo practica puede ser rastreado al establecimiento del Capítulo de Clermont en 1754 en las afueras de París, por Chevalier de Bonneville, honrando al Duque de Clermont, entonces Gran Maestro de la Gran Logia Inglesa de Francia. Este Capítulo habría trabajado hasta 25 grados durante su periodo de cuatro año de existencia.

El Capítulo de Clermont fue sustituido por los Caballeros del Este y los Emperadores del Este y del Oeste, el último conocido en Francia como el Rito de Heredom durante los años Este Rito organizó el Rito de Perfección, comprendiendo 25 grados, 22 de los cuales fueron llamados los “haut grades,” o los altos grados, con los tres grados de la logia simbólica agregados. Un documento que concemía al Rito de Perfección, conocido como las Constituciones Secretas de 1761, designó a oficiales como Inspectores Generales del Trigésimo tercer grado.

Con la aparición de este documento, una patente conjunta fue otorgada por la Gran Logia de Francia y los Emperadores del Este y del Oeste a un comerciante llamado Etienne (Stephen) Morin, con el fin de establecer el Rito de Perfección en las Américas. El hogar de Morín era en Burdeos, el más viejo centro Masónico provincial de Europa. Allí le hicieron Masón en la Loge Francaise, que había sido creada el 13 de Diciembre de 1740 y más adelante fue llamada La Francaise Flue Ecossaise. Ésta era la Logia más antigua de más de cincuenta Logias-hijas de Loge L°Anglaise, una Logia que los Masones Británicos fimdaron en Burdeos en 1732. Estas Logias-hijas dieron a luz a la proliferación de grados que resultaron ser los progenitores de nuestro Rito Escocés. Esta patente le dio a Morin el título de Inspector General, con la autoridad para crear otros inspectores y para establecer Logias que trabajen en «los grados perfectos y sublimes».  Su primer nombramiento fue el de Henry Andrew Francken en las Indias  indias occidentalesOccidentales.  Un año después, las Grandes Constituciones de 1762 fueron adoptadas, estipulando 25 grados, incluyendo los tres grados de la Masonería Simbólica, con autoridad para establecer Logias y para trabajar los grados bajo Inspectores Generales y sus Diputados. De la autoridad original de Morin, las patentes fueron concedidas que establecían el Rito de Perfección en las Indias Occidentales, Albany, New Orleans, Philadelphia, y Charleston.

Las Grandes Constituciones de 1786, adoptadas en Berlín el lo de Mayo de 1786, estipularon que un Rito trabaje en Treinta y tres grados, del uno al treinta y tres, bajo el nombre de Rito Escocés Antiguo y Aceptado y sea gobernado por un Consejo Supremo. Esta Constitución creó la estructura y el gobierno del Rito Escocés como se practica hoy.

La razón original para la organización de Logias distintas para conferir estos grados «más altos» pudo haber sido el deseo de limitar la calidad de miembro a los de la fe Cristiana. Las Constituciones de Anderson de 1723 habían ampliado el campo de la Masonería a hombres de todas las denominaciones religiosas que creyeran en la Deidad y en la esperanza de la inmortalidad. A este respecto se debe observar que las últimas Constituciones del Rito Escoces de 1786 abrieron igualmente las puertas a los hombres de todas las religiones y estipulan que solo cuatro de los nueve governantes necesitan profesar la religión que prevalece.

Estas Logias también se habrían creado como refugio y desvío de las crueles operaciones bajo la famosa Bula papal «In Eminencia›› de 1738 que decretó la prohibición y el castigo a los Masones y la Masonería y a cualquiera que les ayudaran. Morin era Católico, al igual que la mayoría de los primeros Masones Franceses.

Más adelante, estas Logias prosperaron y florecieron en los campos fértiles de la Masonería por razones más importantes. Se convirtieron en depositarios de las revelaciones mediante grados secuenciales, de grandes verdades derivadas de la sabiduría arcana de las generaciones, incluyendo descubrimientos que la Francmasonería original encubría dentro el conocimiento secreto, los símbolos y los Misterios Mayores y Menores que vinieron a través de los siglos, aun mucho antes que el enigma de la Esfinge Mística desconcertara las mentes de los hombres.

Manuscritos franceses antiguos contemporáneos al período prueban que desde alrededor de 1740 Burdeos era la madre y regulador de estos Grados Escoceses y que había autorizado organizaciones-hijas bajo diferentes regulaciones. Estas descendientes incluyeron: Paris 1747; Capital- Santo Domingo 1748; St. Pierre- Santo Domingo 1750; Por La Pair- Santo Domingo 1752; St. Marc- Santo Domingo 1753; Les Caye de Fond L’ Isla a Vaches- Santo Domingo 1757; Ferigueux- Francia 1759; New Orleans- E.E.U.U. 1763 (conforme a la petición de 1756).

El desarrollo y la expansión de grados en los de nuestro Rito Escocés Antiguo y Aceptado evolucionó por tanto del Rito de Perfección de Burdeos, del Capítulo aristocrático de Clermont en París que Chevalier de Bonneville fiundó en la Universidad de los Jesuitas en 1754, del Consejo de Emperadores del Este y del Oeste, y de varios otros sistemas tributarios. Más adelante, el renombrado Soberano Gran Comendador y erudito clásico, Albert Pike trajo orden del caos y bonnevilleeditó o reescribió los rituales para estos grados.

Un Supremo Consejo de nueve miembros se abrió por primera vez en Charleston, Carolina del Sur, en mayo de 1801, asi estableciendose el  “Consejo Madre del Mundo.” Hoy, todos los Supremos Consejos regulares y reconocidos que existen en el mundo provienen esta fuente.

El 21 de febrero de 1802 el Supremo Consejo de Charleston concedió a De Grasse una Patente como Soberano Gran Inspector General y lo declararon Gran Comandante vitalicio del Supremo Consejo de las Islas Indias Occidentales Francesas con autoridad para establecer otras organizaciones del Rito Escoces bajo las Grandes Constituciones.

En 1802, de Grasse volvió a Santo Domingo, sirviendo como Capitán de Caballería bajo las ordenes del General Leclerc, cuñado de Napoleón, y más adelante bajo las ordenes del Comandante de Rochambeau, y fue allí que un año después un bloqueador Británico lo llevó preso a Jamaica.

Luego de estar cerca de siete meses en Kingston, Jamaica, estableció el Supremo Consejo de las Islas de Barlovento y de Sotavento en Port-au-Prince en 1803. Volviendo a Francia en 1804, se fue a Burdeos y estableció el Supremo Consejo de Francia en el mismo año, de Italia en 1805, de España en 1809, y de Bélgica en 1817.

Todos los trabajos regulares del Rito Escocés Antiguo y Aceptado de la Francmasoneria, ahora tienen un sistema de Treinta y tres grados. En la mayoria de las jurisdicciones, la autoridad sobre los primeros tres grados se deja a las Grandes Logias de Masones Antiguos, Libres, y Aceptados dentro de cada país o estado, así proporcionando una sociedad homogénea que promulgue un sistema progresivo de lecciones morales y éticas, que es la verdadera misión de la Francmasonería.

En vista de los trabajos, la dirección y los éxitos promocionales de Morin y de Francken, merecen tributo y reconocimiento duraderos. Sus celosos esfuerzos a través de muchos años sirvieron de trampolín que realmente lanzó al Rito Escocés en ima órbita creativa y evolutiva, primero en los Estados Unidos y luego alrededor del mundo. Con visión profética despertaron en los hombres dominantes un impulso dinámico para un Rito Escocés que se expandía. Llevaron a la oscuridad y pasaron a otras manos una llama Viviente que continúa iluminando a la Francmasonería del Rito Escocés con una brillantez cada vez mayor. Esto condujo a los logros excepcionales que gozamos y por los cuáles estamos hoy tan agradecidos, como si fuéramos los herederos de una gran riqueza legada a nosotros por un testamento.

El primer Supremo Consejo en Sud América se estableció en Colombia en 1827, luego en Brasil en 1832, Uruguay en 1855, Argentina en 1858, Perú en 1875, Paraguay en 1896 y Chile en 1899.

En Bolivia, el Supremo Consejo del Grado 33° del Rito Escocés Antiguo y Aceptado fue fundado el 21 de Junio de 1931 por nueve Ilustres Hermanos: Guillermo A. Hermanowicz, Norberto Galdo, Federico Martins, Julio Mariaca Pando, Gabriel Palenque Guzmán, Carlos Sampson, de Anselmo López Hidalgo, William A. Pickwood y Justo Quevedo; recibiendo su Carta Patente del Supremo Consejo de Chile el 17 de Octubre de 1931.

Supremo Consejor 33° Bolivia

 

 

 

 

 

Freemasonry in the 18th century Naples – Part 3

Part 1; Part 2

When the independent National Grand Lodge “Lo Zelo” reconvened in June 1776, the office of Grand Master that had been left vacant by Francesco D’Aquino Prince of Caramanico , was filled by Prince Diego Naselli  Prince D’Aragona. Both men were  very close to  Queen Caroline.

In 1783 Naselli became also the  Grand Master of the Provincial Grand Lodge  of Naples which run alongside the  other Provincial Grand Lodge (under the English jurisdiction)  led by Cesare Pignatelli  Duke of San Demetrio.

Meanwhile, in Naples the Marquis La Sambuca, having taken over the role of Prime Minister from the old and disgraced Tanucci, began distinguishing himself for all the wrong  reasons.  Instead of conforming with  Queen Caroline’s political strategy, he realigned the Kingdom of Naples with Spain’s interests  and foolishly opened himself to accusations of  “filling his pockets”.   Caroline sacked him and on the advice of her favourite  – the Freemason Francesco D’Aquino  Prince Caramanico –  appointed John or Giovanni Acton[1]  in 1779 ; a decision that unequivocally placed the Kingdom of Naples under the influence of France’s  most historical enemy, Great Britain.

John ActonActon (seen in the above portrait) was born in Besancon in 1736 , the son of an English physician who had moved and settled in France. He  had entered service in the English Navy  ( 1750- 1756) and then enrolled into that of the Duchy of Toscany. In 1767 he was raised to the office of Captain and  in 1775, he participated to the joint Spanish-Tuscan expedition against the port of Algier. In 1776  Acton was promoted to Major General and put in charge of the Duchy of Tuscany’s Navy where he performed with distinction. The Archduke of Tuscany – Leopold II of Hapbsburg-Lorraine –  -was a sibling  of  Queen Carolina  and obliged her when she asked him to send Acton to Naples to reorganize the Navy of her  husband’s Kingdom.

Continue reading Freemasonry in the 18th century Naples – Part 3

Freemasonry in the 18th century Naples – Part 2

Part 1; Part 3

Queen Maria Amalia of Saxony [1] bore Charles VII [2] King of Naples three male children, but sadly the firstborn – Filippo,  Duke of  Calabria – was mentally retarded and could not ascend to the throne.  When  Charles VII  moved to Spain in 1759  to be crowned its King, he, therefore, took with him only his second-born, also called  Charles [3]  and left behind Ferdinand [4] , still a child,  to inherit his other crown.   Ergo the Kingdom of NapleAmalia of Saxonys effectively became a Regency ruled by Charles VII’s faithful  Minister Bernardo Tanucci [5]  and it remained so – as we shall see – even after  Ferdinand reached adult age in 1767, was crowned King and married the Archduchess of Austria Marie Caroline in 1768.

With Charles VII far afield in Madrid, Freemasonry in Naples found that times were good again and awoke from its sleep in 1762.

On 10th August 1763  the Adjunct Grand Master of the Dutch Grand National Lodge – Franc Van Der Goes [6]founded the Lodge “Les Zeles”(Gli Zelanti) [7] and on 10th March 1764 elevated it to the role of  Provincial Grand Lodge for the Kingdom of Naples under  Dutch jurisdiction.

In March 1769 the Grand Lodge of England followed the example of the Dutch and after establishing the “Perfect Union Lodge N.368”, elevated it to Provincial Grand Lodge for the Kingdom of Naples with Cesare Pignatelli, Duke of San Demetrio, as its Master.

A month later the Grand Lodge of  England installed the Neapolitan Nicola Manuzzi in the supervisory role of Provincial Grand Master for the whole of Italy and gave a  patent to the “Bien Choice” Lodge of Kiliano Caracciolo and to the “Well Chosen Lodge N.444” of Francesco D’Aquino [8] Prince of Caramanico (shown in the protrait below).  Francesco_D'Aquino_di_Caramanico_(1718_-_1795)These two Freemasons came from the most important families of Naples and their names, together with that of the Pignatellis, repeatedly appear in the historical records of the Kingdom of Naples,  its Masonic annals and the list of martyrs who died for the short-lived  Parthenopean Republic.

In 1770 the grand Masonic manoeuvres came to an end with the  Grand Lodge of

Continue reading Freemasonry in the 18th century Naples – Part 2

Il cammino dell’Iniziato

DAL  GABINETTO  DI  RIFLESSIONE  ALLA  MAESTRIA,  OVVERO : LA TRASMUTAZIONE DELLO SPIRITO

Nel Gabinetto di Riflessione l’iniziando “aspirante” Massone, ancora profano, compie due tipi di “riflessione” : quella mentale che gli consente di stilare il proprio “testamento spirituale” e quella del senso etimologico della parola, ossia un ripiegamento su se stesso come in un ancestrale rito di inumazione, perché qui avviene la Morte del profano e il suo contatto con la Terra della sepoltura, ma è pure qui che comincia la sua “Rinascita”.

Il Gabinetto di Riflessione corrisponde all’ “Atanòr dell’ Alchimista, è il sepolcro tenebroso in cui muore l’esistenza passata dell’iniziando e dove egli rinasce rinnovato; qui si realizza qualcosa di simile alla Creazione, alla Genesi, indicate, queste, nella parola V.I.T.R.I.O.L., l’anagramma della formula ermetico-alchemica “visita interiora terrae, rectificando invenies occultum lapidem”, cioè “visita le viscere della Terra, correggendo troverai la pietra nascosta”, che rappresenta il primo invito alla ricerca, nel silenzio e nella meditazione, dell’Io profondo celato nel Subconscio.

GABINETTOPer ottenere ciò, l’ancora profano deve affrontare l’Iniziazione e deve essere iniziato, cioè deve “entrare”, dal latino IN IRE = ANDARE DENTRO.

Durante il rito di Iniziazione, l’iniziando viene spogliato dei suoi metalli che rappresentano il mondo profano, le passioni e i vizi che lo animano, viene presentato all’Assemblea con parte del petto denudata, segno di franchezza e di sincerità; con una gamba scoperta, segno di umiltà e con al collo un cappio che rappresenta quello che lo può ancora trattenere nel mondo da cui proviene.

L’Iniziazione è un processo destinato a realizzare simbolicamente, ma anche psicologicamente, nell’individuo, il “passaggio” da uno stato inferiore dell’essere ad uno stato superiore : questa è la trasformazione del profano in Iniziato. Continue reading Il cammino dell’Iniziato

Royal Navy Mason & Explorer-Sir Albert Markham

In Victorian England, there was no other more fashionable resting place than the Cemetery of Kensal Green in North West London. It is a burial ground in my Borough that falls within my catchment and it adds an area of nobility to an already up and coming flourishing multi-ethnic area.

Out of the quarter-million souls who since 1833  rest there  – having been either cremated or laying in coffins stacked in catacombs and graves – well over 1500 of them are notables personalities.kensal green

They include, for example, the industrial revolution engineers and inventors Isambard Kingdom Brunel and Sir Wm Siemens, the novelists and Dicken’s contemporaries  Anthony Trollope and William Makepeace Thackeray and some 500 members of the titled nobility like the 5th Duke of Portland,  three children of George III, the late Queen Mother‘s uncle and many Dukes, Earls, Marquises and Barons. Even  Farrokh Bulsara – in art Freddy Mercury –  singer of the rock group Queen was cremated there and has had some of his ashes scattered in one of the gardens of KGC.  A memorial plaque has recently been found that might support this little known secret.

It comes as no surprises therefore that we should also find numerous Freemasons amongst those individuals who left a major mark in society and afterwards came to rest in KGC.

The Admiral Sir Albert  Hastings Markham (11.11.1941 – 28.10.1918) is one of those characters. He was a Brother of the Order who led a most fascinating and Continue reading Royal Navy Mason & Explorer-Sir Albert Markham

The un-lodged Mason

My good friend and Brother Frederic Milliken wrote an article entitled Message to the un-lodged Mason.  In the article, Fred discussed the importance of attending lodge and the advantages of having personal interaction with other Freemasons.  l generally agree with Fred’s conclusion on this subject and believe that attending lodge functions is essential to the Masonic experience, but I also can identify with the plight of what Fred calls the un-lodged Mason.

Fred correctly compares the un-lodged Mason to the Christian who does not attend church. This is a fair comparison because it is my opinion that the purpose and structure of Masonry is much more similar to that of a religious organization than that of a community organization. So why do some Christians not attend church? Many Christians do not attend church because the goals of the church may not match the goals of the worshiper. Some churches have an all or nothing approach to dogma and require that you agree with the church’s opinion on every matter. Other churches continually ask for more and more out of their volunteers which eventually sucks all of the enthusiasm out of the those in the congregation that offer their time and resources. Then, there are also those worshipers that attend service or Bible study searching for answers to their complex questions about spirituality and that constantly receive replies that are either not straightforward or that sidestep the question all together. This constant cycle of a church not aligning with the individual worshiper’s values, requiring him to over-commit to the organization and not providing him with the spiritual knowledge he seeks results in the Christian walking away from the congregation.

Not surprisingly, this is exactly what occurs in our Masonic lodges as well !

Numerous individual Masons have been turned away from the lodge because he brought new ideas to the assembly and was told that “this isn’t how we have done it before.” Lodges often volunteer their young, enthusiastic members for every task  which inevitably interferes with that member’s family and vocational responsibilities. Finally, many men come to the Masonic lodge looking for a method of self-improvement and enlightenment and find an organization that neglects education almost entirely.unlodged freemason

Freemasonry often plays a big role in the lives of un-lodged Masons.    Continue reading The un-lodged Mason

Freemasonry in the 18th century Naples – Part 1

Part 2; Part 3;

The city of Naples lies on the west coast of the Italian peninsula, 120 miles south-east of Rome on a Bay that overlooks the Tyrrhenian sea.  The name “Naples” –  Napoli in Italian –  derives from the Greek term “Neapolis” (Νεάπολις) which means “New City”. Neapolis was founded by  Greek colonies who arrived in the IX century  B.C. from the islands of Crete and Rhodes – in the Aegean sea. They first settled in the small centre of Cuma and later they spread out along the coast and gave life to Partenope which got renamed Neapolis on 21st December 475.  This date has great importance in both pagan religions and in Freemasonry because it is a date marked by the winter solstice [1] . It is the shortest day of the year but one that symbolises the resurrection of nature. With the summer solstice, the winter one represented for the Romans and the Greeks the doors between Heaven and Earth whose keeper was the God Janus.

After the Greeks and the Romans, Neapolis was occupied  by a number of foreign and local ethnicities.  The French Normans ruled it until 1139 AC and  the Germanic dynasty of the Suabi (Svevi)  until  1302 when  the French made their return with the House of Anjou. The Spanish succeeded the latter first with the Aragonese in 1501 and then with the Spanish wing of the  Hapsburgs whose Viceroys presided over southern Italy for over two centuries.  In 1734 the Austrians lost Naples and its territories  to the Spanish  Bourbons who made Naples the Capital of the “Kingdom of the two Sicilies”.

The first Masonic Lodge to emerge in Naples was called “The Perfect Union”. It had been founded in 1728 [2]  by Giorgio Olivares (of whom we know little) and GeminianiFrancesco Xaverio Geminiani [3] – in the portrait – with a patent from the Grand Lodge of England. But I believe that the merit for permanently establishing Freemasonry in Naples must be shared amongst the military and Navy personnel who served  under the  Viceroys of the Austrian Empire [4] and the many Dutch, French and English merchants and Freemasons who passed, lived and worked in that sunny city built under the threatening shadow of  Mount Vesuvius.  One of those foreign merchants and Freemasons was Louis Lornage, a Frenchman from Lyon and an importer of fine cloths, who founded his own lodge in 1749.

In time Freemasonry in Naples saw the conventional and liberal three degrees English Rite lining up  in a race for supremacy with the “Scottish Rite”, which had its roots in France and , in contrast to the former, presented undertones of esoterism.  But more significantly the Scottish Rite was structured with more than the standard three degrees and it so implied knowledge of higher secrets,  which in turn proved a  very successful  element of attraction for the aristocracy of  Naples.

Continue reading Freemasonry in the 18th century Naples – Part 1

The Solstices and the two Saint John

As we all know, the Saints Johns are the Patron Saints of Freemasonry. We are familiar with the phrase: “Erected to God and dedicated to Holy Saints John”, because we all pronounced it when we became Freemasons.
In early Masonry, the feast day of St. John the Baptist was always celebrated by the Craft. In fact, the first public Grand Lodge, the Grand Lodge of England was born on St. John the Baptist’s day, June 24, in 1717 in London. Thereafter, the Grand Lodge of England sponsored great annual celebrations of this day for many years. Eventually the feast of St. John the Evangelist became important as well and many Lodges and Grand Lodges moved the beginning of their Masonic year from June 24 to December 27.
Now, who are those “Saints Johns” that we mention in our Sacred Oath and celebrate every year? They are:  John the Baptist and John the Evangelist.
John the Baptist was an itinerant preacher and a major religious figure mentioned in the Canonical Gospels. He is described in the Gospel of Luke as a relative of Jesus who led a movement of baptism at the Jordan River. Actually, he baptised Jesus himself. Christians commonly refer to John as the precursor of Jesus, since John announces Jesus’s coming.
Christian tradition says that John the Evangelist was one of Christ’s original twelve apostles; Saint John alone remained near his beloved Master at the foot of the Cross with the Mother of Jesus, and took her into his care as the last legacy of Christ (John 19:25-27). He always stood to his Lord and Master by the title with which he is accustomed to indicate himself without giving his name: “the disciple whom Jesus loved”.
Both Saints Johns are special Saints: they share a name, John, and they represent, in some way, the beginning and the end of Jesus: John the Baptist was his old cousin, his master and the man who announced and baptised Jesus. John the Evangelist was the youngest and most beloved of the apostles, the one who Jesus put in care of his mother.
Beginning and end: not a coincidence that Saints John festivities are celebrated in summer and winter solstices.

What are the solstices ?
Continue reading The Solstices and the two Saint John

The Senior Warden

Of all the appointments to an office which is in the power of a newly installed Worshipful Master  to make, there is none more important than that of the Senior Warden. The choice of the Worshipful Master’s successor, a position of great dignity and grave duties, is one that demands most careful consideration and that  should not be made lightly.

The elevation of a Brother to the position of second officer in the Lodge, should not, as is too frequently the case, depend upon mere  rota that is not accompanied by any evidence of zeal and earnestness in the attainment  of proficiency for command  and ability to teach.

The first duty to the Craft that the Master of a Lodge must faithfully and efficiently discharge is to  determine  where merit should receive promotion and Continue reading The Senior Warden